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THE LAW THE LAW OF JANUARY 6TH OF 1999, ABOUT DANGEREOUS DOGS ABOUT THE STAFFORDSHIRE BULL TERRIER THE STANDARD OF THE STAFFORDSHIRE BULL TERRIER ABOUT THE AMERICAN STAFFORDSHIRE TERRIER THE STANDARD OF THE AMERICAN STAFFORDSHIRE TERRIER THE STANDARD OF THE BULLMASTIFF
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ACTI-CHIEN actiinfochiens@online.fr THE CANINE LEISHMANIOSIS Professor
Robert killick-Kendrick, specialist of sand flies (Department
of Biology at the Imperial College of Ascot - Great Britain),
gives you the answers to the questions you wonder about canine leishmaniosis. WHAT IS CANINE LEISHMANIOSIS ? It
is a serious illness of the dog, the issue is often the death. It
is transmitted from dog to dog by the sting of a minuscule mosquito
named sandfly. The parasite agent of the disease is a microscopic
protozoon named leishmania infantum. It doesn't exist vaccine or preventive
treatment against this illness. WHERE IS LOCATED THE CANINE LEISHMANIASIS ? We find this disease in numerous countries of south america and in all the countries around the mediterranean. In France the leishmaniosis rages principally around the mediterranean. They are equally some sources in Pyreneans, the region of Millau and Agen, and in the Lot. In endemics zones, dogs stuck down by the disease may be 30% up to 80% of the whole population. All
the dogs resident or having stayed in these zones may contract the
illness. WHAT ARE THE INDICATIVES SIGNS OF THE ILLNESS ? Indicative signs of the illness
are not specifics of leishmaniasis, but their simultaneous or successive
appearance must suggest the origin of the disorder. The first sign
the more frequent is the hair loss, especially around the eyes and
on the muzzle. As the illness spread the dog lose hair when his
appetite is normal. Scabs develop, principally on the head and
the paws where the skin is in contact with the floor when the dog
seat or lie down. We can also see ulcers causing nosebleed and ocular
lesions. At the advanced stages in the illness, craws grow qhick
and aim at coil, what cause a characteristic noise when the dog
change his place. These signs don't appear all, and especially
not at the same stage of the illness. Anyway we can see remission
periods. The pronostic is always death more or less long-term. WHAT TO DO IF I THINK MY DOG IS LEISHMANIAN ? Take him to the veterinary who will
do a blood examination. He may also do a sample of medulla of bone
or a biopsy of a hypertrophied lymph node to research the parasite
at the microscope. CAN MY DOG BE TREATED AGAINST LEISHMANIASIS ? Yes, even the treatment cannot avoid
a future relapse. The medicine is given by injections, that have
to be done daily during several weeks. WHAT IS THE INCUBATION PERIOD OF THE ILLNESS ? The incubation period can varie
from 3 up to 18 months. In certain rare cases, the illness may not
break out before several years. Some dogs are strong and will present
none indicatives signs when they were sting by infective sandflies,
on condition that they eat enough and be not submitted at important
physiological stress. This strength of some dogs is probably
of genetic origin. WHAT IS THE LIFE CYCLE OF THE PARASITE ? With the dog, the parasite lives in a certain type of white blood cells called macrophage that we found in the blood, the skin and viscera. Leishmaniasis are parasites of small size, of circular shape, that increase dividing into two parts. When a female sandfly sting a dog carrier of the parasite to draw in nutritives element necessary for the eggs laid, it get back the parasite from the skin. Into the stomach of the sandfly, the macrophages sucked during the blood meal burst and the parasites free like that change of shape, graw longer, float in the blood meal and then stuck to the wall of digestive system of the sandfly. The leishmaniasis multiplies by division, after a few days, the stomach of the sandfly is stuffed of parasites. Then the female search a new blood
meal. When it sting a second time, it put the leishmaniasis in the
skin of the dog. A small lesion, called canker, appears at the point
of sting, generally at the top of the muzzle or the ear. From the
canker of inoculation, parasites invade the macrophages and
rechange into parasites of circular shape. As the canker disappears,
parasites invade all the inner organs of the dog. MAY I CONTRACT THE ILLNESS IF A SANDFLY STING ME ? Yes, but the risk is very small,
and the human leishmaniasis is treated easily. There are a few cases
of human leishmaniasis in mediterranean region, except cases met with
individuals with failing immunological system, or the addicted to
drugs. HOW TO RECOGNIZE A SANDFLY AND WHERE DO THEY LIVE ? Sandflies are small hairy mosquitos, possessing only one pair of flies (2.5-3 metres long) and who, contrary to mosquitos, flies silently. Their color varys from clear straw up to dark brown. Before to sting, they hop keeping their flies up. They sting dogs and humans, and some persons may develop an intense allergic reaction at the sting. Sandflies hide during the day in craks and faults, where they rest. Sandflies are generally numerous in rural zones or woody aeras of the towns like gardens and parks. The larvas hatch around one week after the laying. They are four larval stages before the chrysalis forms. The adult stage emerges 10 days later. The hole cycle from the egg up to the adult lasts around 2 months. In mediterranean region, the sandflies season begin in may and end in september, or october in the case of indian summer. The sandflies hibernales at the state of larva of fourth stage. Males and females found sugars they need in plants's sap or the "miellat" of the greenflies. Only females eat also blood. Around one week after the blood meal, females lay a hundred eggs in the grounds humids and richs in organic matter. The sandfly began to be active at the nightfall up to the dawn. Sandflies fro mediterranean region prefer soft nights (not less than 16°C). Because of their small size, they cannot fly by high wind (of more than 1 metre by second). Aniway they are able to fly during long distances, up to 2 kilometres. They sting principally outside, though we found them frequently in habitations. They found their meal of blood detecting
the odour of their quarry (the dog) in the sense of wind, then beat
up the wind to put on the animal and bite. HOW TO PROTECT MY DOG ? Between may and october, keep him inside from the nightfall up to the dawn. Take care at disease signs and get your veterinary to do a blood test if you suspect a leishmaniosis. The treatment is more efficient that is established quickly. Protect your dog from 96% of the stings during all the sandflies season with the Scalibor collar (ask your veterinary what he may proposes you depending on the country you live or go.) Source intervet free guide we find on veterinary group practice. Encyclopedia britannica leishmaniasis Leishmaniasis in the Dog -- What you can do. The Reemergence of Visceral Leishmaniasis in Brazil Canine interferon-gamma as an adjuvant in immunisation of dogs with Leishmania crude antigens |